Eleven years of integrated weed management: longterm impacts of row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction on Lolium rigidum control

Long-term research aimed to determine whether narrow row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction, in combination with herbicide use, would be sufficient to drive a Lolium rigidum population to extinction. A trial was run from 1987 to 2013, with treatments including crop row spacings of 9, 18, 27 or 36 cm and crop residue burning or retention. Herbicides were applied to reflect regional practices. The initial trial design was randomised, but treatments were maintained in each plot over the following years. Lolium rigidum seed production at harvest was assessed from 2003 to 2013. Average crop yield was higher in the unburnt plots (1638 kg ha ) than the burnt plots (1530 kg ha ) and greater at narrow row spacing, with an average yield of 1658, 1637, 1548 and 1492 kg ha 1 in the 9-, 18-, 27and 36-cm spacings. Lolium rigidum seed at harvest was reduced in the burnt plots (57 seeds m ) compared with the unburnt plots (297 seeds m ) and was reduced at narrow row spacing, with an average of 58, 78, 223 and 333 seeds m 2 in the 9-, 18-, 27and 36-cm row spacings. By 2013, L. rigidum seed production was reduced to an average of 0 seeds m 2 in the narrow row spacing, burnt plots.